Buffalo Springs National Reserve: Overview and Key Features

Location: Northern Kenya, Isiolo County 

Size: Approximately 1,300 square kilometers 

Established: 1968 

Access: Easily accessible from Isiolo town (about 20 kilometers), located along the Isiolo-Meru Road.

Overview of Buffalo Springs National Reserve

Buffalo Springs National Reserve is a beautiful and serene protected area located in the arid and semi-arid northern part of Kenya, within Isiolo County. It forms part of the Samburu National Reserve Complex, which also includes Samburu National Reserve and Shaba National Reserve. While smaller in size than its neighbors, Buffalo Springs is an exceptional destination for wildlife enthusiasts and offers a more tranquil and less crowded alternative to other wildlife reserves in Kenya.

The reserve is named after the Buffalo Springs, a natural water source found within the reserve that attracts an abundance of wildlife, particularly buffaloes, along with other species. The region is characterized by a mix of riverine forests, open savannah, and rugged hills, offering a stunning landscape that contrasts with the surrounding arid environment.

As a lesser-known reserve, Buffalo Springs is a hidden gem, offering incredible opportunities for safari, birdwatching, and nature walks. The reserve is home to a wide variety of wildlife and is situated in one of Kenya’s most unique ecosystems.

Geography and Landscape

Buffalo Springs National Reserve is located in northern Kenya, within the greater Samburu region. It lies at the foot of the Mt. Kenya Range and forms part of the Ewaso Ng’iro River ecosystem, which is crucial for both the wildlife and local communities.

1. Landscape: 

   – The reserve has a diverse landscape that ranges from savannah grasslands and acacia woodlands to riverine forests and hills.

   – The Ewaso Ng’iro River runs through the reserve, providing a lifeline for wildlife, especially during the dry months. The river also gives rise to lush vegetation along its banks, creating an oasis in the otherwise arid surroundings.

   – The Buffalo Springs (from which the park gets its name) is a natural spring that contributes to the seasonal water sources within the reserve. It is located along the Ewaso Ng’iro River and is a key watering hole for a variety of animals.

2. Climate: 

   – The climate in Buffalo Springs is typically hot and dry, with temperatures ranging from 25°C (77°F) to 35°C (95°F) during the day. However, temperatures can drop significantly at night.

   – The wet season runs from April to June and October to December, but the reserve experiences erratic rainfall, with some years seeing longer dry periods.

3. Vegetation: 

   – The vegetation in Buffalo Springs is predominantly savannah, with scattered acacia trees, bushland, and grasslands. The presence of the ewaso Ng’iro River and its associated wetlands ensures that there is a significant amount of vegetation along its banks, which supports a wide variety of wildlife.

   – Riverine forests and palms are found near the watercourses, while the surrounding areas are covered by thorny shrubs and acacia trees.

Wildlife in Buffalo Springs National Reserve

Buffalo Springs National Reserve, located in northern Kenya, is home to a rich diversity of wildlife, making it one of the most attractive and rewarding wildlife destinations in the region. The reserve’s diverse habitats, including the Ewaso Ng’iro River, open savannah, riverine forests, and rugged hills, support a wide variety of animals. It provides an exceptional safari experience, with opportunities to see both common and rare species in their natural environment.

The wildlife in Buffalo Springs has adapted to the region’s semi-arid conditions, and the reserve is particularly known for its large herds of animals around water sources. Below is a detailed look at the key wildlife species found in the reserve.

1. Mammals

Buffalo Springs National Reserve hosts a variety of mammals, including both iconic species and some that are relatively rare or elusive. Key mammals include:

African Elephant

– The African elephant is one of the most notable species in Buffalo Springs. Large herds of elephants are frequently seen in the reserve, particularly near the Ewaso Ng’iro River and other waterholes. These majestic creatures are often found in the open plains, where they feed on grasses and trees.

Reticulated Giraffe

– Buffalo Springs is home to the Reticulated giraffe, a subspecies with distinct white patterns and dark brown patches. These giraffes are often spotted in the savannah and woodlands, browsing on the tall acacia trees in the reserve.

African Buffalo

– The African buffalo is the animal after which the reserve is named. Large herds of buffalo can often be seen in the reserve, congregating around water sources. These strong and social animals are an iconic part of the Big Five and can be spotted in the more open areas of the park.

Grevy’s Zebra

– The Grevy’s zebra, a rare subspecies of zebra, is found in Buffalo Springs. Known for its narrower stripes and larger size compared to the more common plains zebra, Grevy’s zebras are often spotted grazing in the open grasslands or near the watercourses.

Hartebeest

– Hartebeests are commonly seen in the reserve, particularly in the open savannah areas. These antelopes are known for their long, curved horns and unique, elongated bodies. They graze in herds and are often found near watering points.

Common Zebra

– Plains zebra, also found in Buffalo Springs, is another common sight. These zebras are frequently seen roaming the grasslands alongside other herbivores like giraffes and gazelles.

Cheetah

– Cheetahs are more elusive and harder to spot, but the open terrain of Buffalo Springs provides them with an excellent environment for hunting. They can often be seen chasing down prey such as gazelles and impalas in the savannah.

Lion

– Although lions are not as commonly seen as other big mammals, they are present in Buffalo Springs. The reserve provides an important habitat for these apex predators, particularly in the open savannah where they hunt herbivores like gazelles and zebras.

Leopard

– Leopards, known for their solitary and elusive nature, also reside in the reserve, but spotting them is a rarity. They are typically found in the more forested or rocky areas, where they can easily conceal themselves.

Baboons and Monkeys

– Baboon troops can frequently be seen in the reserve, especially near the riverbanks and in the trees. The reserve is also home to **Vervet monkeys** and **Colobus monkeys**, which thrive in the forested areas of the park.

Warthog

– The warthog, with its distinctive facial tusks and tough appearance, is a common sight in the reserve, often foraging in the grasslands or near waterholes.

Hyena

– Spotted hyenas are common in Buffalo Springs, often found scavenging or hunting in the early morning or late afternoon. They are integral to the ecosystem, keeping it clean by feeding on carcasses.

Oryx

– Both Beisa oryx and gemsbok are found in Buffalo Springs, grazing in the open savannah and more arid parts of the reserve. They are well adapted to the dry environment and can go for extended periods without water.

2. Rare and Unique Species

In addition to the common wildlife, Buffalo Springs is also home to some rarer and more unique species that are adapted to the region’s dry conditions.

Grevy’s Zebra

– The Grevy’s zebra, which is endangered and rare compared to the more common plains zebra, can be found in the northern parts of the reserve. Its narrow stripes and larger build distinguish it from the other zebra species found in Kenya.

Mountain Bongo (Occasional)

– While the mountain bongo is more commonly found in the Aberdare Mountains, there have been occasional sightings of these critically endangered antelopes in the foothills surrounding Buffalo Springs.

3. Birds of Buffalo Springs National Reserve

Buffalo Springs is a birdwatcher’s paradise, with over 300 species of birds recorded within the reserve. The combination of open plains, riverine forests, and wetlands provides an ideal habitat for a variety of bird species, both migratory and resident.

Waterbirds

– The Ewaso Ng’iro River and surrounding wetlands attract numerous waterfowl species, such as African fish eagles, herons, egrets, and pelicans. The river also hosts kingfishers, which can often be spotted hunting along the water.

Vultures and Eagles

– Various species of vultures and eagles are common in Buffalo Springs, soaring above the savannah and riverine areas. The White-backed vulture, African fish eagle, and Bateleur eagle are frequently spotted, often circling above prey or carcasses.

Hornbills

– Several species of hornbills, including the Yellow-billed hornbill, are common in the reserve. These birds are often seen perched on trees or flying overhead in pairs.

Sunbirds and Sparrows

– The presence of both open savannah and riverine vegetation creates a diverse habitat for sunbirds, sparrows, and weavers. These small, colorful birds are often seen flitting through the vegetation.

Secretarybird

– The Secretarybird, an iconic bird of prey, is often seen hunting on the ground for insects and small animals. It is recognizable by its long legs and distinctive plumage

Buffalo Springs National Reserve is a true gem for wildlife enthusiasts, offering a wealth of species to encounter. From large herds of elephants and buffaloes to rare species like the Grevy’s zebra, the reserve provides an excellent safari experience in a lesser-visited part of Kenya. The variety of mammals, the diversity of bird species, and the striking landscapes of the reserve make it an unmissable destination for nature lovers and photographers alike. The presence of key water sources like the Ewaso Ng’iro River ensures that Buffalo Springs remains an important wildlife haven, particularly during the dry season.

Activities in Buffalo Springs National Reserve

Buffalo Springs National Reserve offers a variety of exciting and immersive activities for visitors, allowing them to experience the beauty of Kenya’s northern landscapes and its remarkable wildlife. Whether you’re interested in exploring the reserve on a game drive, birdwatching, or learning about local culture, there’s something for everyone to enjoy. Below are some of the key activities that visitors can engage in while visiting Buffalo Springs.

1. Game Drives

Game drives are one of the most popular activities in Buffalo Springs National Reserve. The reserve’s varied landscapes, which include open savannah, riverine forests, and wetlands, make it an ideal environment for viewing a wide range of wildlife.

– Morning and Evening Game Drives: Early morning and late afternoon are the best times to spot wildlife, as animals are more active during these cooler parts of the day. During a game drive, you can expect to see elephants, giraffes, buffaloes, zebras, lions, cheetahs, and many other animals in their natural habitat.

– Private Safari Tours: Many lodges and camps around Buffalo Springs offer private game drives, allowing visitors to explore the park with a knowledgeable guide. This provides a more personalized experience, where you can take your time to observe wildlife and learn about the flora and fauna of the area.

– Night Game Drives: Although night game drives are not as common in all Kenyan reserves, some areas near Buffalo Springs do allow them. This is a fantastic way to see nocturnal species like hyenas, leopards, and nightjars.

2. Birdwatching

Buffalo Springs National Reserve is a paradise for birdwatchers, with over 300 species of birds recorded in the area. The variety of habitats, including savannah, wetlands, and riverine forests, provides excellent opportunities for birdwatching year-round.

– Waterbirds: The Ewaso Ng’iro River attracts numerous waterfowl, such as herons, egrets, pelicans, and kingfishers. These can often be spotted near the river or in the surrounding wetlands.

– Raptors: Raptors such as the African fish eagle, vultures, and the Bateleur eagle are commonly seen soaring above the reserve. They are often found circling prey or scavenging.

– Ground Birds: The Secretarybird, known for its long legs and distinctive hunting behavior, can often be found in the open savannah. Hornbills, sunbirds, and sparrows are also frequently spotted in the reserve.

– Guided Birdwatching Tours: For serious birdwatchers, guided tours are available where expert guides will help you spot and identify species. These tours often focus on the seasonal migration of birds and offer insights into the ecology of the reserve.

3. Nature Walks

For those who want a more intimate connection with the environment, nature walks are a fantastic way to explore Buffalo Springs. Walking through the reserve allows you to experience the park at a slower pace, taking in the sights, sounds, and smells of the wilderness.

– Guided Nature Walks: Guided walks are conducted by experienced rangers or local guides who will share their knowledge about the reserve’s flora, fauna, and ecosystem. You’ll learn about the medicinal plants, animal tracks, and the role of different species in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem.

– Cultural and Eco Walks: Some walking tours also include visits to **Samburu villages**, where you can learn about the customs, traditions, and daily lives of the local Samburu people. This is an excellent way to immerse yourself in the culture of northern Kenya while appreciating the natural surroundings.

4. Cultural Visits

Buffalo Springs National Reserve is situated near the lands of the Samburu people, a semi-nomadic ethnic group closely related to the Maasai. The Samburu culture is rich in traditions and history, and visitors to Buffalo Springs have the opportunity to engage with the local community.

– Samburu Village Visits: Visitors can arrange trips to nearby Samburu villages, where they can observe traditional dances, learn about the Samburu’s herding lifestyle, and get a glimpse of their unique way of life. You may also visit a local Samburu market to see handmade crafts, jewelry, and traditional attire.

– Cultural Talks: Many lodges and camps arrange talks with Samburu elders, where visitors can hear stories about the history, customs, and legends of the Samburu people. These cultural exchanges offer a deeper understanding of the region’s heritage.

5. Photography

Buffalo Springs National Reserve provides numerous opportunities for stunning wildlife and landscape photography. The reserve’s diverse ecosystems, including the river, savannah, hills, and forests, create a perfect backdrop for both wide-angle landscape shots and close-up animal portraits.

– Sunset and Sunrise Photography: The sunsets and sunrises over the vast savannah are breathtaking and offer fantastic photo opportunities. The golden light of the early morning and late afternoon creates dramatic contrasts on the landscapes, while the soft light enhances wildlife photography.

– Wildlife Photography: Buffalo Springs’ wildlife, including iconic animals like elephants, giraffes, and lions, as well as rarer species such as Grevy’s zebras and the secretarybird, provides ample chances for capturing exceptional wildlife moments.

6. Bush Picnics

For a more relaxing experience in the heart of nature, many visitors enjoy bush picnics within the reserve. These are often arranged by lodges or tour operators and provide an opportunity to dine in the open savannah, surrounded by the sounds of wildlife.

– Private Picnic Spots: These picnics can be set up in scenic locations within the reserve, such as near the Ewaso Ng’iro River or on a hill with panoramic views of the landscape.

– Cultural Meals: Some bush picnics may include traditional Samburu meals, giving visitors a chance to taste local delicacies while enjoying the wildlife around them.

7. Relaxation at Lodges and Camps

For those looking to relax and unwind, Buffalo Springs National Reserve offers several accommodation options, including lodges and tented camps. Many of these lodges have viewing platforms or pools overlooking the reserve’s wildlife.

– Treetop Lodging: Some lodges have treehouses or viewing decks, which provide excellent vantage points for spotting wildlife. You can often watch elephants and other animals visiting waterholes or grazing nearby.

– Spa and Wellness: Some upscale lodges offer spa and wellness services, allowing visitors to indulge in relaxation after a long day of exploring the reserve.

8. Camping

For a more rustic and adventurous experience, camping in Buffalo Springs National Reserve is a great option. There are several campsites within the reserve where visitors can enjoy the sights and sounds of nature at night.

– Campsites in the Reserve: These sites provide a true wilderness experience, often with basic facilities but offering the chance to immerse yourself in the environment.

– Guided Camping: Some companies offer guided camping safari in the reserve, where professional guides help set up camp, prepare meals, and lead nature walks or game drives.

9. Scenic Drive.

While the main activity in Buffalo Springs is game driving, visitors can also take a leisurely scenic drive to appreciate the stunning landscapes. The reserve is known for its rugged hills, river valleys, and expansive plains, and these drives provide fantastic opportunities for taking in the beauty of the area.

Best Time to Visit Buffalo Springs

– The best time to visit Buffalo Springs is during the dry season (from June to September) when the wildlife congregates around the few remaining water sources, making it easier to spot animals. The rainy season (from March to May and October to December) is also a good time for birdwatching and experiencing the reserve’s lush landscapes.

Buffalo Springs National Reserve offers a variety of activities for visitors seeking both adventure and relaxation. Whether you’re enjoying a game drive, photographing wildlife, immersing yourself in the local culture, or simply exploring the serene landscapes, the reserve provides a unique and unforgettable experience. With its diverse ecosystems, rich wildlife, and cultural heritage, Buffalo Springs is a must-visit destination for nature lovers and those wanting to experience the authentic beauty of northern Kenya.

Activities in Buffalo Springs National Reserve

Buffalo Springs National Reserve offers a variety of exciting and immersive activities for visitors, allowing them to experience the beauty of Kenya’s northern landscapes and its remarkable wildlife. Whether you’re interested in exploring the reserve on a game drive, birdwatching, or learning about local culture, there’s something for everyone to enjoy. Below are some of the key activities that visitors can engage in while visiting Buffalo Springs.

1. Game Drives

Game drives are one of the most popular activities in Buffalo Springs National Reserve. The reserve’s varied landscapes, which include open savannah, riverine forests, and wetlands, make it an ideal environment for viewing a wide range of wildlife.

– Morning and Evening Game Drives: Early morning and late afternoon are the best times to spot wildlife, as animals are more active during these cooler parts of the day. During a game drive, you can expect to see elephants, giraffes, buffaloes, zebras, lions, cheetahs, and many other animals in their natural habitat.

– Private Safari Tours: Many lodges and camps around Buffalo Springs offer private game drives, allowing visitors to explore the park with a knowledgeable guide. This provides a more personalized experience, where you can take your time to observe wildlife and learn about the flora and fauna of the area.

– Night Game Drives: Although night game drives are not as common in all Kenyan reserves, some areas near Buffalo Springs do allow them. This is a fantastic way to see nocturnal species like hyenas, leopards, and nightjars.

2. Birdwatching

Buffalo Springs National Reserve is a paradise for birdwatchers, with over 300 species of birds recorded in the area. The variety of habitats, including savannah, wetlands, and riverine forests, provides excellent opportunities for birdwatching year-round.

– Waterbirds: The Ewaso Ng’iro River attracts numerous waterfowl, such as herons, egrets, pelicans, and kingfishers. These can often be spotted near the river or in the surrounding wetlands.

– Raptors: Raptors such as the African fish eagle, vultures, and the bateleur eagle are commonly seen soaring above the reserve. They are often found circling prey or scavenging.

-Ground Birds: The Secretarybird, known for its long legs and distinctive hunting behavior, can often be found in the open savannah. Hornbills, sunbirds, and sparrows are also frequently spotted in the reserve.

– Guided Birdwatching Tours: For serious birdwatchers, guided tours are available where expert guides will help you spot and identify species. These tours often focus on the seasonal migration of birds and offer insights into the ecology of the reserve.

3. Nature Walks

For those who want a more intimate connection with the environment, nature walks are a fantastic way to explore Buffalo Springs. Walking through the reserve allows you to experience the park at a slower pace, taking in the sights, sounds, and smells of the wilderness.

– Guided Nature Walks: Guided walks are conducted by experienced rangers or local guides who will share their knowledge about the reserve’s flora, fauna, and ecosystem. You’ll learn about the medicinal plants, animal tracks, and the role of different species in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem.

– Cultural and Eco Walks: Some walking tours also include visits to Samburu villages, where you can learn about the customs, traditions, and daily lives of the local Samburu people. This is an excellent way to immerse yourself in the culture of northern Kenya while appreciating the natural surroundings.

4. Cultural Visits

Buffalo Springs National Reserve is situated near the lands of the Samburu people, a semi-nomadic ethnic group closely related to the Maasai. The Samburu culture is rich in traditions and history, and visitors to Buffalo Springs have the opportunity to engage with the local community.

– Samburu Village Visits: Visitors can arrange trips to nearby Samburu villages, where they can observe traditional dances, learn about the Samburu’s herding lifestyle, and get a glimpse of their unique way of life. You may also visit a local Samburu market to see handmade crafts, jewelry, and traditional attire.

– Cultural Talks: Many lodges and camps arrange talks with Samburu elders, where visitors can hear stories about the history, customs, and legends of the Samburu people. These cultural exchanges offer a deeper understanding of the region’s heritage.

5. Photography

Buffalo Springs National Reserve provides numerous opportunities for stunning wildlife and landscape photography. The reserve’s diverse ecosystems, including the river, savannah, hills, and forests, create a perfect backdrop for both wide-angle landscape shots and close-up animal portraits.

– Sunset and Sunrise Photography: The sunsets and sunrises over the vast savannah are breathtaking and offer fantastic photo opportunities. The golden light of the early morning and late afternoon creates dramatic contrasts on the landscapes, while the soft light enhances wildlife photography.

– Wildlife Photography: Buffalo Springs’ wildlife, including iconic animals like elephants, giraffes, and lions, as well as rarer species such as Grevy’s zebras and the secretarybird, provides ample chances for capturing exceptional wildlife moments.

6. Bush Picnics

For a more relaxing experience in the heart of nature, many visitors enjoy bush picnics within the reserve. These are often arranged by lodges or tour operators and provide an opportunity to dine in the open savannah, surrounded by the sounds of wildlife.

– Private Picnic Spots: These picnics can be set up in scenic locations within the reserve, such as near the Ewaso Ng’iro River or on a hill with panoramic views of the landscape.

– Cultural Meals: Some bush picnics may include traditional Samburu meals, giving visitors a chance to taste local delicacies while enjoying the wildlife around them.

7. Relaxation at Lodges and Camps

For those looking to relax and unwind, Buffalo Springs National Reserve offers several accommodation options, including lodges and tented camps. Many of these lodges have viewing platforms or pools overlooking the reserve’s wildlife.

– Treetop Lodging: Some lodges have treehouses or viewing decks, which provide excellent vantage points for spotting wildlife. You can often watch elephants and other animals visiting waterholes or grazing nearby.

– Spa and Wellness: Some upscale lodges offer spa and wellness services, allowing visitors to indulge in relaxation after a long day of exploring the reserve.

8. Camping

For a more rustic and adventurous experience, camping in Buffalo Springs National Reserve is a great option. There are several campsites within the reserve where visitors can enjoy the sights and sounds of nature at night.

– Campsites in the Reserve: These sites provide a true wilderness experience, often with basic facilities but offering the chance to immerse yourself in the environment.

– Guided Camping: Some companies offer guided camping safaris in the reserve, where professional guides help set up camp, prepare meals, and lead nature walks or game drives.

9. Scenic Drives

While the main activity in Buffalo Springs is game driving, visitors can also take a leisurely scenic drive to appreciate the stunning landscapes. The reserve is known for its rugged hills, river valleys, and expansive plains, and these drives provide fantastic opportunities for taking in the beauty of the area.

Best Time to Visit Buffalo Springs

– The best time to visit Buffalo Springs is during the dry season (from June to September) when the wildlife congregates around the few remaining water sources, making it easier to spot animals. The rainy season (from March to May and October to December) is also a good time for birdwatching and experiencing the reserve’s lush landscapes.

Buffalo Springs National Reserve offers a variety of activities for visitors seeking both adventure and relaxation. Whether you’re enjoying a game drive, photographing wildlife, immersing yourself in the local culture, or simply exploring the serene landscapes, the reserve provides a unique and unforgettable experience. With its diverse ecosystems, rich wildlife, and cultural heritage, Buffalo Springs is a must-visit destination for nature lovers and those wanting to experience the authentic beauty of northern Kenya.